CEFR Level A1: 

  1. Descriptive language: Begin using basic adjectives and sensory details to describe people, objects, and settings, incorporating elements of different cultures and diverse backgrounds. 
  1. Dialogue: Introduce dialogue tags and simple conversations that reflect cultural nuances and diverse perspectives. 
  1. Beginning, middle, end: Understand the basic structure of a story and create simple narratives that showcase cultural traditions or celebrations. 
  1. Sequencing: Use time-order words (e.g., first, then, next) to organize events in stories, highlighting cultural practices or customs. 

CEFR Level A2 

  1. Setting: Describe the setting in more detail, incorporating cultural elements such as landmarks, traditions, or cultural artifacts. 
  1. Conflict: Introduce basic conflicts and challenges that arise from cultural differences, encouraging empathy and understanding among characters. 
  1. Character development: Begin to develop characters’ cultural backgrounds, beliefs, and values to promote cultural diversity and appreciation. 
  1. Dialogue tags and punctuation: Practice using appropriate dialogue tags and punctuation that reflect cultural speech patterns and expressions. 

CEFR Level B1 

  1. Figurative language: Introduce similes and basic metaphors that incorporate cultural references and symbols, enriching the imagery and connecting to diverse cultural experiences. 
  1. Plot development: Explore more complex story structures, incorporating cultural themes, rituals, or historical events to create engaging narratives. 
  1. Point of view: Experiment with writing from different cultural perspectives, emphasizing the diverse viewpoints and experiences of characters. 
  1. Foreshadowing: Incorporate cultural foreshadowing, alluding to cultural traditions, folklore, or historical events to add depth and anticipation to the story. 

CEFR Level B2 

  1. Symbolism: Incorporate symbols that carry cultural significance, reflecting cultural values, traditions, or social issues. 
  1. Cultural conflicts: Explore complex cultural conflicts or dilemmas to promote critical thinking and understanding of diverse perspectives. 
  1. Multi-dimensional characters: Develop characters with intricate cultural backgrounds, exploring their identities, traditions, and cultural challenges. 
  1. Cultural narratives: Create narratives that delve into cultural heritage, intercultural encounters, or cultural identity, highlighting cultural diversity and its impact on characters and events. 

CEFR Level C1 

  1. Cultural intertextuality: Incorporate intertextual references to culturally significant works, legends, or historical events, enhancing the depth and richness of the narrative. 
  1. Cultural motifs and archetypes: Explore cultural motifs and archetypal characters that resonate with specific cultural contexts, promoting cultural understanding and appreciation. 
  1. Cultural critique: Use storytelling to critically examine cultural practices, societal norms, or cultural phenomena, fostering reflection and dialogue about cultural issues. 
  1. Cultural voice and perspective: Experiment with diverse cultural voices and perspectives, challenging stereotypes and promoting empathy towards different cultures. 

CEFR Level C2 

  1. Cultural subversion: Subvert cultural expectations or norms through storytelling, challenging conventional perspectives and promoting cultural diversity and inclusivity. 
  1. Cultural hybridity: Explore narratives that embrace cultural fusion, highlighting the interconnectedness of cultures and celebrating the beauty of cultural diversity. 
  1. Cultural metafiction: Engage in metafictional storytelling that reflects on the role of culture, literature, or storytelling itself, inviting critical reflection and cultural discourse. 
  1. Cultural exploration and innovation: Push the boundaries of storytelling by experimenting with new narrative forms and structures that incorporate and explore cultural themes and concepts. 

By integrating concepts of cultural literacy into the scaffolded build-up of literary techniques at CEFR levels B2 to C2, students can develop a deeper understanding of cultural diversity, cultural critique, and cultural exploration, enabling them to create literature that reflects the complexities and nuances of diverse cultures and fosters cross-cultural understanding.